Molecular Design of Tautomeric Compounds

1. The Problem of Tautomerism.- 1. Tautomerism as Dynamic Isomerism.- 1.1. Molecular Structure and Isomerism.- 1.2. Bond Rupture Formation Criterion.- 1.3. Tautomerism and Rearrangements.- 1.4. Thermodynamic and Activational Scale of Tautomeric Processes.- 2. Degenerate Tautomerism.- 3. Methods for Investigating Tautomeric Systems.- 4. Butlerov's and Laar's Tautomeric Systems.- 5. Tautomerism and the Mechanisms of Organic Reactions.- 6. Classification of Tautomeric Reactions.- 6.1. Prototropy.- 6.2. Metallotropy.- 6.2.1. ?, ?-Transfers.- 6.2.2. ?, ?-Transfers.- 6.2.3. ?, ?-Transfers.- 6.3. Anionotropy.- 6.4. Valence Tautomerism.- 6.4.1. ?-Valence Tautomerism.- 6.4.2. ?, ?-Valence Tautomerism.- 6.4.3. ?-Valence Tautomerism.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 2. Carbonotropy.- 1. The Problem of Carbonotropy.- 1.1. General Principles.- 1.2. Choice of a Migrant.- 2. Sigmatropic Acyl and Aryl Rearrangements.- 2.1. Acyl 1,3-Rearrangements.- 2.2. Aryl 1,3-Rearrangements.- 2.3. 1,5-and 1,7-Acyl Rearrangements.- 3. Acylotropic Tautomerism.- 3.1. Tautomeric 1,3-Acyl Rearrangements of the N,N?-diarylamidine Derivatives.- 3.2. Stereochemistry of Acyl Migration.- 3.3. Tautomeric 1,5-Acyl Rearrangements of O-Acylenols of 1,3-Diketone.- 3.4. Acylotropy of 9-Acyloxyphenalen-l-ones.- 3.5. Tautomerism of 2-Acyloxytropones.- 4. Tautomeric Rearrangements of Aryl Groups.- 4.1. 1,3-Rearrangements of Aryl Groups.- 4.2. O,O?-Migrations of the Aryl Groups in O-Aryl Derivatives of Tropolone and the Synthesis of Bipolar Spiro- ?-Complexes.- 4.3. Valence Tautomerism of O-Aryl Ethers of o-Hydroxybenzaldehydes and their Imines.- 5. Carbonotropic Tautomerism in Ions, Radicals and Cyclopolyenes.- 5.1. Acylotropic and Arylotropic Rearrangements in Anions.- 5.2. Acylotropy in Phenoxyl Radicals.- 5.3. Tautomeric Rearrangements of Carbocations.- 5.4. Acyl and Aryl Migrations in Cyclopolyenes.- References.- 3. General Principles of the Design of Tautomeric Systems.- 1. Possibilities of Quantum Mechanical Prediction of Tautomeric Reactions.- 1.1. Theoretical Evaluation of Free Energies of Tautomeric Equilibria.- 1.2. Theoretical Calculation of Activation Energies of Tautomeric Reactions.- 2. Stereochemical Approach to the Design of Tautomeric Compounds.- 2.1. Intramolecular Coordination of the Migrating Group.- 2.2. Cyclic Electron Transfer in the Sigmatropic Reaction and Multigraphs of Tautomeric Systems.- 2.3. Orbital Symmetry and Activation Barriers of Sigmatropic Shifts between Heteroatomic Centers.- 2.4. Steric Demands of the Transition State Structures.- 2.4.1. The Bond Configuration of the Central Atom.- 2.4.2. Structure of the Molecular System Connected with a Migrant.- 2.4.3. Addition-Rearrangement-Elimination (AdRE) Mechanism.- 2.5. Analogy in Steric Requirements between Fast Intramolecular, Enzymic and Topochemical Reactions.- References.- 4. The Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitution at the Main Group Element and Design of Intramolecular Tautomeric Systems.- 1. Tautomeric Rearrangements of Carbon-containing Groups.- 1.1. Alkyl Transfers.- 1.1.1. Alkyl Rearrangements.- 1.1.2. Stereochemistry of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at the sp3-hybridized Carbon Atom.- 1.1.3. Alkyl Migrations with Retention of Configuration at the sp3-carbon Atom.- 1.2. Vinylotropic Tautomerism.- 2. Silylotropic Tautomerism.- 3. Tautomeric Migrations of Phosphorus-containing Groups.- 3.1. PIV-Migrants.- 3.2. PIII-Migrants.- 3.3. PV-Migrants.- 4. Tautomeric Rearrangements of As-containing Groups.- 5. Tautomeric Rearrangements of Sulfur-containing Groups.- 5.1. SII-Migrants.- 5.2. SIII-Migrants.- 5.3. SIV-Migrants.- References.- 5. Dyotropic and Polytropic Tautomeric Systems.- 1. Scope and Definition.- 2. The Mechanism and Energetics of the Dyotropic Reactions.- 2.1. Concerted and Nonconcerted Dyotropic Rearrangements.- 2.2. Multigraphs of Dyotropic and Polytropic Systems.- 2.3. Quantum Mechanical Studies on the Mechanism of Dyotropic Reactions.- References.- 6. Dissociative and Photochemical Mechanisms of Intramolecular Tautomerism.- 1. Heterolytic Dissociative Mechanism.- 2. Homolytic Dissociative Mechanism.- 3. Ion-Radical Mechanism.- 4. Photo-Initiated Carbonotropic Rearrangements.- 4.1. Photochromic Transformations.- 4.2. Photoacylotropic Rearrangements.- 4.3. Photoacylotropic Compounds as Abiotic Photochemical Solar Energy Storage Systems.- 4.4. Photoinduced Aryl Rearrangements.- 4.5 Photo-Induced Rearrangements of the Csp3-centered Groups.- References.
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` ... provides a well-organized discussion of a large number of tautomeric transformations, many of them observed only during the last ten years. '
` Overall, this is a highly useful and timely textbook that makes interesting reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in (physical) organic chemistry. The book is recommended, not only for personal purchase, but also for inclusion in all major chemical library collections. '
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, Vol. 107, No. 5, May 1988
show more

`... provides a well-organized discussion of a large number of tautomeric transformations, many of them observed only during the last ten years.'
`Overall, this is a highly useful and timely textbook that makes interesting reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in (physical) organic chemistry. The book is recommended, not only for personal purchase, but also for inclusion in all major chemical library collections.'
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, Vol. 107, No. 5, May 1988
show more